Dynamic erosion mechanisms in ultra-high-level long-runout landslides: A review and prospect

This paper provides a systematic review of the dynamic erosion mechanisms and research progress of ultra-high-level long-runout landslides. Key differences between ultra-high-level and general high-position long-runout landslides are highlighted, and the historical development of studies on high-level landslide motion mechanisms is systematically summarized. Based on representative cases, three dominant erosion effects—excess pore water pressure-induced erosion, impact loading erosion, and plowing erosion— are analyzed with respect to their characteristics and underlying causes. Advances in simulation approaches, including physical model tests, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations, are also discussed. Building on previous research, this study identifies key challenges that remain in the field, including the acquisition of dynamic monitoring data in ultra-high-level mountainous areas, the accuracy of chain hazard simulations, and the clarification of the relationship between energy transfer and erosion intensity. The importance of field-based geological surveys is also underscored. Looking ahead, the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and realistic 3D simulations is expected to enable multidisciplinary collaboration and multi-model coupling, thereby opening new avenues for future research.