Mechanistic analysis of loess landslide reactivation in northern Shaanxi based on coupled numerical modeling of hydrological processes and stress strain evolution: A case study of the Erzhuangkelandslide in Yan’an

The Erzhuangke landslide is a typical landslide affected by the rainy season. Rainfall changes the seepage pattern with the pre-existing landslide, weakening matric suction and soil shear strength, leading to the formation of tension cracks internally. This triggers overall sliding and localized extensive deformations. Existing studies seldom considers the interaction between the seepage field and stress field of the Erzhuangke landslide. Therefore, based on the actual engineering geological disaster scenarios, supported by on-site monitoring data and terrain physical parameters, a geometric computational model is established, and hydraulic coupled numerical simulations are conducted. By investigating variations in saturation and pore pressure within the landslide, the paper explores the rainfall infiltration patterns. It examines the impact of rainfall intensity on landslide reactivation from the perspective of stress displacement. In addition, in order to validate the accuracy and feasibility of the method, selected measurement points from the landslide are matched with corresponding positions in the numerical model. Comparative analysis is performed on displacement, soil pressure, and saturation aspects, confirming that the numerical model effectively reflects the actual situation. Through coupling numerical simulations and the study of the reactivation mechanism of the old landslide under rainfall conditions, the paper interprets field data, analyzes the reactivation process, and provides theoretical foundations and technical guidance for subsequent engineering early warning and disaster mitigation works.