Preliminary analysis on basic characteristics and mechanism of rockfalls in layered red rocks with gentle dip angle: A case study of the Tiejiangwan rockfall in Hongya County, Sichuan Province
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摘要: 红层区常发育缓倾角岩质边坡,因其软硬相间的岩性组合,地质灾害频发,灾害严重。基于光学卫星遥感、无人机航空摄影测量、现场调查等天空地一体化的技术手段,以2021年4月5日发生的四川洪雅铁匠湾缓倾角红层岩质崩塌为研究对象,探讨了崩塌的基本特征和成因机理,分析了铁匠湾陡崖区崩塌灾害发展趋势,以期为红层区类似灾害的研究提供资料支撑。结果表明:铁匠湾崩塌可分为主崩塌区和崩塌影响区两个区域,其中主崩塌区包括崩源区1处、铲刮区1处、堆积区1处、流水二次搬运堆积区1处,崩塌影响区包括潜在崩源区1处、扰动变形区5处。崩塌源区具有“上硬下软”的岩石组合,岩体发育两组近于垂直的优势结构面,2013年已表现出变形迹象,在降雨、温差的持续作用下导致源区危岩体的最终失稳垮塌,巨大的冲击力作用于危岩体下方的老崩塌堆积体和基岩,引起崩塌-碎屑流灾害链。在光学遥感影像解译和野外调查的基础上,认为铁匠湾崩塌存在二次崩塌的风险,在崩塌邻区识别出类似崩塌隐患点6处,建议采用无人机、机载LiDAR等技术手段开展铁匠湾陡崖区崩塌隐患的早期识别与持续监测。Abstract: Gentle dip angle rock slopes are often developed in layered red rocks, which are prone to geological disasters due to the combination of soft and hard lithology. This paper discusses the Tiejiangwan rockfall that occurred on April 5, 2021, in Hongya County of Sichuan province, China, on a layered red rocks slope with a gentle dip angle. Using an air-space-ground integrated earth observation network, including optical remote sensing, UAV aerial photogrammetry, and on-site investigation, the study analyzes the basic characteristics and mechanism of rockfall and predicts the development trend of similar disasters in the steep cliff area of layered red rocks. The results show that the Tiejiangwan rockfall can be divided into two areas, namely the main rockfall area and the rockfall influence area. The main rockfall area comprises one rockfall source area, one shoveling area, one accumulation area, and one water secondary transportation accumulation area. The rockfall influence area includes one potential rockfall source area and five disturbance deformation areas. The rockfall source area has a combination of hard rocks at the top and soft rocks at the bottom, and the rock mass develops two groups of nearly vertical dominant structural planes. In 2013, the source area showed signs of deformation, which eventually lead to the instability of the dangerous rock mass due to the continuous effect of rainfall and temperature differences. The huge impact force caused the rockfall debris flow disaster chain, affecting the old rockfall accumulation body and bedrock under the dangerous rock mass. Optical remote sensing images and field investigation indicate the risk of secondary collapse in Tiejiangwan rockfall. Additionally, six similar potential rockfalls were identified in the adjacent area. To prevent similar disasters, it is recommended to use UAV aerial photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR for early identification and continuous monitoring of potential rockfalls in the steep cliff area of the Tiejianwan. The findings of this study provide valuable data support for the study of similar disasters in layered red rocks.
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Keywords:
- rockfall /
- zoning characteristics /
- genetic mechanism /
- gentle dip angle /
- layered red rocks
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0. 引言
泥石流是我国西南山区常见的一种地质灾害之一,具有突发性、危害范围广、破坏性大等特点[1 − 3]。德钦县是泥石流发育最严重的地区之一,泥石流暴发常会造成县城区公路及民房建筑冲毁,给当地居民带来巨大的经济损失。
近年来,数值模拟方法在泥石流灾害分析预测研究中应用越来越广泛[4]。王俊豪等[5]运用 FLO2D 软件模拟德钦县直溪河泥石流不同暴雨周期下运动情况,并预测泥石流的致灾范围;宋兵等[6]利用 RAMMS 软件模拟白沙沟泥石流20年一遇泥石流流量,预测不同洪水频率下的运动状况。熊冲冲等[7]利用 RAMMS 软件对锄头沟泥石流进行模拟,得到泥石流运动参数特征;段学良等[8]运用 MASSFLOW 软件模拟杰仲沟极端条件下泥石流灾害的运动过程,并评价其危险性。因此,运用数值模拟分析方法预测泥石流的危险区范围,对泥石流防治工程因害设防具有重要的意义。
目前,对于一中河泥石流的动力学特征进行数值模拟的研究较少,多为传统的地面调查方法和定性评价。为查清一中河上游源区潜在物源在暴雨+地震极端工况下形成泥石流灾害的影响范围和成灾机制,本文利用无人机贴近摄影高精度DEM作为地形数据,运用RAMMS软件模拟了一中河泥石流的运动过程,预测并评价其危险性及范围,对于今后一中河泥石流防灾减灾工程具有实际意义。
1. 研究区概况
德钦县位于滇西北地区,地处横断山区纵谷地带,属于典型的高山峡谷地貌。一中河位于德钦县升平镇,为芝曲河左岸一级支沟。沟口分布有德钦县第一中学、县委政府及公租房小区,G214国道和德维公路多次穿越泥石流沟流通区。一中河泥石流属于高原山区沟谷型黏性泥石流,具有规模大、高易发、危害大的特点。2019—2022年汛期曾多次发生泥石流灾害,对G214国道和沟口建筑造成严重影响。
研究区经历了漫长的地质演变时期,构造行迹复杂,地震活跃,属于典型的高寒、高海拔、高烈度地区。流域内主要分布灰色、深灰色板岩、变质石英砂岩、硅质岩夹流纹岩。区域内活动构造运动发育,主要受第四系活动断裂德钦—中甸大断裂(F3)和鲁村东断裂(F4)影响较大(图1)。受活动断裂及次级断裂影响,岸坡岩体结构破碎,节理裂隙发育,变质作用强烈。在短时集中降雨即暴雨时期,一中河就会暴发大小规模不等的泥石流灾害。
1.1 地形地貌
一中河流域平面形态为树叶状,呈东西向展布,表现为东高西低。流域面积约3.33 km2,主沟长2.58 km。最高点为
4540 m,最低点为3066 m,相对高差1474 m,沟床纵坡189.80‰~765.70‰,沟域整体为冰蚀槽谷地形,沟域内相对高差大,沟谷纵坡大。一中河流域全貌如图2所示。形成区由南、北支沟组成,汇水面积仅0.45 km2,海拔介于4390 ~3314 m,高差1076 m,该段沟长1.99 km,平均纵坡为765.70‰。流通区平均纵坡为282.40‰,堆积区平均纵坡为189.80‰(图3)。沟床呈深“V”型,宽1.0~5.0 m,岸坡坡度30°~80°。由于上游源区未设工程,沟床纵坡降大,地表径流条件良好,坡面侵蚀作用强烈,裸坡区松散岩体崩塌剥落发育,为泥石流活动提供了持续的固体物源。1.2 水源条件
区内水文地质条件复杂,主要为孔隙水和裂隙水,以面状散流或泉的形式出露于基岩陡坎处。区内主要接受大气降雨补给。一中河属高寒山区季节性河流,年流量变化较大,流量0.1~5 m3/s。根据资料统计,德钦县全年平均降雨量640 mm,降雨主要集中在5—10月。最大日降雨量为74.7 mm,最大5 min降雨达7.1 mm,具有短时集中强降雨的特点。暴雨为泥石流活动提供良好的水动力条件,是一中河泥石流灾害的主要激发因素[9]。
1.3 物源条件
目前,通过采用无人机贴近摄影-InSAR边坡雷达监测-地面绳桥勘测的调查技术,基本查清了一中河流域内地质灾害隐患、泥石流物源分布以及高位崩滑体的地质结构与变形特征。岸坡岩体受到风化、冻融和降雨等外动力地质作用影响,形成了多处高陡危岩带,为泥石流形成提供了丰富的固体物源。一中河泥石流物源主要包括冰碛物、滑坡、危岩崩塌、沟床堆积物、沟岸坍塌和坡面侵蚀物源,沟床堆积物为主要物源。根据此次调查,初步估算一中河泥石流松散固体物源储量约为1.141 2×106 m3,可移储量约25.23×104 m3,一次最大可移动储量约2.34×104 m3。一中河泥石流物源统计见表1。
表 1 一中河泥石流物源统计表Table 1. Statistical table of sources of Yizhong River debris flow物源类型 冰碛物 滑坡 危岩崩塌 沟床堆积物 沟岸坍塌 坡面侵蚀 合计 面积/(104 m2) 4.0 4.30 10.94 1.24 0.30 31.20 51.98 体积/(104 m3) 30.0 40.12 27.25 3.70 0.80 12.25 114.12 可移储量/(104 m3) 2.75 9.52 8.98 1.95 0.80 1.23 25.23 一次最大可移储量/(104 m3) 0.14 0.55 0.90 0.39 0.24 0.12 2.34 2. 泥石流发育特征及成灾模式
2.1 泥石流分区特征
一中河泥石流具有高海拔高纵坡降特性,属于典型的高原山区暴雨沟谷型黏性泥石流,泥石流运动分区特征明显[10]。根据一中河沟谷的地形、水流条件和物源的分布特征,可分为泥石流的形成区、流通区和堆积区,如图2所示。此外,一中河泥石流运动学特征具有明显的链式规律,一般按高程从高到低可分为:高位启动区、惯性加速区、动力侵蚀区和流通堆积区[11]。其中,高位启动区为跌水坎以上基岩裸坡区,发育多个高位崩滑体,因位置高而具有较大的势能。跌水坎以下至G214国道处为惯性加速区和动力侵蚀区,以侧向侵蚀、铲刮作用为主,多发育岸坡塌滑和坡面侵蚀。G214国道以下至沟口为流通堆积区。
2.2 泥石流流体特征
2022年汛期暴发了5次泥石流,每次持续时间30~50 min。通过调查发灾时的泥石流流体情况,现场测得泥石流容重为2.2 t/m3,龙头高达2.5 m,弯道超高达1.2 m,泥石流一次最大冲出量达
20000 m3,堆积物多为卵砾石,无分选,磨圆度差。在G214国道以下的桥洞渡槽易发生堵塞。一中河泥石流暴发特点为历时短、流速快,堵塞严重,弯道超高和龙头较高,具有阵性,沿途揭底拉槽现象明显,铲刮作用强烈,规模不断补给壮大。2.3 链式灾害成灾机制
根据一中河泥石流不同物源条件和启动机制分类,可分为三种成因类型(图4):一是暴雨型泥石流,松散堆积层在短时集中降雨工况下,地表径流易形成暴雨型泥石流;二是溃决型泥石流,由于一中河沟谷侵蚀切割较深,岸坡岩体易发生坍塌堵塞沟道,演变为溃决型泥石流;三是崩滑流型泥石流,上游源区发育高位危岩带及崩滑体,在暴雨+地震极端工况下,可能发生高位岩体崩滑-碎屑流-泥石流链式灾害[12 − 16]。
综合上述三种类型的泥石流启动机制,根据一中河泥石流高位崩滑体的失稳机理、分布位置、启动特征等,对沟域内提供物源的链式灾害进行分析,归纳其成灾机制为高位崩滑体-碎屑流-泥石流-堰塞湖-溃决洪水的沟谷灾害链(图5)。在暴雨+地震极端工况下,发生此类链式灾害的风险极大。崩滑体位于流域的顶部,具有较大的势能,失稳碰撞解体后转化为碎屑流,以较高的速度冲向下游。一中河频繁暴发的泥石流侵蚀冲刷坡脚,导致沟岸坡体失稳,汇入沟道转化为泥石流。泥石流运动过程中不断铲刮沿程碎屑物质,补给固体物源,从而壮大泥石流的规模,这样不仅改变了流体性质和运动特征,而且急剧增加了暴发泥石流链式灾害的可能性[17]。
3. 泥石流运动过程数值模拟
3.1 模型选取
RAMMS软件中泥石流模块能够较好地模拟泥石流的运动过程,获得最大流速、堆积深度和冲击力等动力学特征参数[18]。经研究表明,泥石流运动过程中会受各种因素影响而改变流体的性质。考虑到泥石流运动过程中固体颗粒之间的摩擦阻力,本文采用Voellmy流变模型,该模型是基于Voellmy摩擦流变学。模型如下:
$$ S = \mu N + \frac{{\rho g{u^2}}}{\varepsilon } $$ (1) 式中:S——摩擦阻力/Pa;
u——流速/(m·s−1);
ρ——密度/(kg·m−3);
g——重力加速度/(m·s−2);
μ——摩擦系数;
ε——湍流系数/(m·s−2);
N——正应力/Pa。
摩擦系数反映流动的行为。摩擦系数(μ)决定了流体开始停止流动的时刻,湍流系数(ε)决定了流体快速流动的时刻[19 − 20]。该模型被广泛用于模拟山区沟谷型泥石流的运动过程。为预测一中河上游源区潜在高位崩滑体失稳后沿途铲刮形成泥石流链式灾害的危险性,本次模拟工况采取暴雨+地震的极端工况,设计暴雨频率为1%,地震强度为Ⅷ级。地震为上游潜在高位崩滑体失稳并参与泥石流活动提供必要条件。
3.2 参数设置
前人研究表明,Voellmy模型μ取值范围为0.1~0.3,ε取值范围为150~250 m/s2。通过多次与已发生泥石流灾害对比,本文选取模拟参数μ=0.1,ε=200 m/s2。ρ为
2200 kg/m3,物源体积为16.05×104 m3。泥石流正应力(N)为软件自动计算,随着泥石流流体厚度的增加而增大。3.3 模拟结果
根据初步估算一中河流域上游源区潜在物源体积为16.05×104 m3,对此进行暴雨+地震极端工况下泥石流运动过程模拟预测,历时t=
2135 s,并分析其影响范围和危险性。泥石流运动过程中最大流速、最大堆积深度和最大冲击力分布,如图6所示。由模拟结果可知,泥石流流速、堆积深度和冲击力等变化特征主要受地形影响,泥石流堆积呈不规则扇形,总体表现出冲刷-淤积-运动-堆积的特点。在暴雨+地震极端工况下一中河泥石流最大流动速度达23.93 m/s,最大堆积深度达9.33 m,最大冲击力为
1000 kPa。经过拦挡坝之后,运动速度并没有明显减小,从G214国道处以8~15 m/s的速度冲向下游,沿途泥石流漫槽,在沟口形成宽度约300 m的堆积扇,泥石流冲出体积约8×104 m3。由于G214国道以下渡槽的排导能力有限,泥石流会漫出渡槽,运动至下游沟口时会冲进县城区,致灾影响范围较大。将对下游居民区、德钦一中和县政府等地区造成巨大的威胁,并且随着泥石流物源增加,泥石流影响范围和冲出量也不断扩大,甚至可能堵塞芝曲河。
4. 危险区划分
结合泥石流现场调查情况,通过对暴雨+地震极端工况下一中河泥石流运动过程的模拟,得到泥石流运动速度、堆积深度和冲击力等动力学参数分布特征,总体表现出冲刷-淤积-运动-堆积的规律,预测并划定了两处危险区,如图7所示。
危险区Ⅰ位于G214国道至德维路区域,此处沟道变窄,泥石流流动速度较大,渡槽及涵洞易发生堵塞和漫槽现象,影响范围约0.13 km2。
危险区Ⅱ位于沟口区域,此处弯道较多,易发生堆积,影响范围约0.18 km2。因此,在暴雨+地震极端工况下,此区域危险性较高,须提高G214国道下游渡槽的排导能力,应采取有效的工程防治措施。
5. 结论
(1)G214国道在流通区穿过,危险区Ⅰ位于国道至德维路区域,此处沟道变窄,流速较大,破坏力强。最大流速达23.93 m/s,最大冲击力为
1000 kPa。影响范围达0.13 km2。泥石流冲出的泥砂砾石会造成国道被冲埋。因此,提高G214国道以下渡槽的排导能力为首要工作。(2)危险区Ⅱ为沟口区域,此区建筑物较集中,涉及德钦县第一中学、县委政府和公租房小区等地区。泥石流沟口处弯道较多,且此区域易发生堆积,最大泥深为9.33 m,泥石流冲出体积约8×104 m3,影响范围达0.18 km2。应加强对渡槽基础的防护。
(3)根据一中河泥石流不同启动机制,分为暴雨型泥石流、溃决型泥石流和崩滑流型泥石流三种成因类型。其成灾机制为暴雨+地震极端工况下高位岩体发生崩塌、滑坡后转变为碎屑流,沿程铲刮沟床松散物源,泥石流规模不断壮大,进而引发溃坝或堵塞河道等次生地质灾害链。对于一中河泥石流链式灾害的形成特征与演化机制,其防治工程应重点关注成链过程,采取有效的灾害链防灾减灾工程措施,为避险搬迁与应急处置方案提供理论依据。
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表 1 铁匠湾崩塌光学遥感精细解译统计表
Table 1 Statistical table of optical remote sensing interpretation in Tiejiangwan rockfall
名称 编号 面积/m2 厚度/m 估算体积/(104 m3) 潜在崩源区 Ⅰ 2311 110 25.42 崩源区 Ⅱ 9578 110 105.36 铲刮区 Ⅲ 30573 15 45.86 堆积区 Ⅳ 146296 10 146.30 流水二次搬运堆积区 Ⅴ 8852 3 2.66 扰动变形区 A 4836 15 7.25 B 2874 10 2.87 C 9190 5 4.60 D 3104 5 1.55 E 2004 5 1.00 -
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