Development characteristics and mechanism of geological hazards in Mentougou District triggered by “23•7” torrential rain
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摘要:
“23•7”特大暴雨引发了1963年以来海河流域最大的洪水灾害，同时诱发了大量地质灾害，造成了房屋损毁、交通中断、人员伤亡和巨大的经济财产损失，北京市门头沟区受灾严重。本文基于灾后详细的地质灾害调查，共统计门头沟区新增地质灾害点353处，类型包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷等。分析了形成地质灾害的主要原因，包括降雨量大、坡面冲刷强、排水不畅、切坡修建房屋、房屋修建挤占河（沟）道、坡面防护差、岩土体松散破碎、坡面堆放杂物等。提出了山区村镇建设中防灾减灾的建议，要尊重自然，还河（沟）道生态空间，充分发挥弯曲河道的缓冲和生态屏障作用；要重视建设场地的选址及灾害评估，提高地质灾害防治工程的设计质量和防护等级；在类似的山区流域中要加强对地质灾害的调查、识别、风险评估、预警和防治，避免暴雨引起的地质灾害在类似的流域中再次发生。
Abstract:The “23•7” torrential rain triggered the largest flood disaster in the Haihe River Basin since 1963, and led to numerous geological disasters, causing house damage, traffic disruption, and resulting in casualties and significant economic and property losses. The Mentougou District in Beijing has been severely affected by the disaster. Based on a detailed investigation of geological disasters after the torrential rain, this study counted a total of 353 new geological hazards in Mentougou District, including collapse, landslide, debris flow, and ground subsidence. The main contributing factors to the formation of geological hazards were analyzed, including heavy rainfall, intense slope erosion, inadequate drainage, slope cutting for construction, building on riverbanks or ditches, poor slope protection, loose and fractured rock and soil, and the accumulation of debris on slopes. Suggestions for hazards prevention and reduction in the construction of villages and towns have been proposed. These include following natural laws, restoring ecological space to rivers and ditches, and maximizing the buffering and ecological barrier functions of meandering rivers. Further emphasis should be placed on site selection and disaster risk assessment, along with improving the design quality and protective measures for geological disaster prevention projects. In similar Mountainous watersheds, it is necessary to strengthen the investigation, identification, risk assessment, early warning, and prevention of geological disasters to avoid the recurrence of such disasters in future rainstorm events.
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Keywords:
- Mentougou /
- torrential rain /
- geological hazards /
- cause analysis /
- barrier
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图 1 “23•7”特大暴雨北京市降水量分布图
Figure 1. Distribution of precipitation in Beijing during the "23•7" torrential rain
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图 3 暴雨前后各乡镇/街道地质灾害发育对比图
Figure 3. Comparison of geological hazards development in Towns/Streets before and after rainstorm
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图 4 大台街道西洼村、斋堂镇新兴村受损房屋
Figure 4. Damaged houses in Xiwa Village in Datai Street and Xinxing Village in Zhaitang Town
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图 5 清水镇达摩庄村、王平镇西马各庄村
Figure 5. Damozhuang Village in Qingshui Town and Ximagezhuang Village in Wangping Town
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图 6 东辛房街道西山印工地及西山炮楼地基冲刷情况
Figure 6. Scouring of the Xishanyin construction site and Xishanpaolou foundation in Dongxinfang Street
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图 7 坡面冲刷及基坑淤积地质剖面
Figure 7. Geological profile of slope erosion and foundation pit sedimentation
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图 8 雁翅镇高台村路基冲刷、王平镇南港村房基冲刷
Figure 8. Subgrade erosion in Gaotai Village in Yanchi Town and scouring of house foundation in Nangang Village in Wangping Town
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图 12 清水镇梁家庄村干砌石墙垮塌、雁翅镇泗水村挡墙无排水孔
Figure 12. Dry stone wall collapse in Liangjiazhuang Village in Qingshui Town and Retaining wall without drainage holes in Sishui Village in Yanchi Town
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图 13 王平镇南港村沟道内房屋及被泥石流淤埋的房屋
Figure 13. Houses in the gully buried by debris flow in Nangang Village in Wangping Town
表 1 门头沟区“23•7”暴雨前后地质灾害隐患点统计表
Table 1 Statistics of geological hazards before and after the “23•7” torrential rain in Mentougou District
乡镇 隐患点数 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 地面塌陷 暴雨前 暴雨后新增 暴雨前 暴雨后新增 暴雨前 暴雨后新增 暴雨前 暴雨后新增 暴雨前 暴雨后新增 城子街道 3 1 1 1 2 大台街道 87 8 79 7 2 1 6 大峪街道 2 6 1 1 2 1 1 2 东辛房街道 12 2 5 1 1 7 军庄镇 13 4 10 2 1 2 1 1 龙泉镇 58 41 55 28 7 1 3 2 3 妙峰山镇 171 59 170 53 2 1 4 清水镇 213 40 195 34 2 16 4 2 潭柘寺镇 156 47 147 24 3 7 3 16 3 王平镇 126 38 111 29 1 2 8 12 1 雁翅镇 270 72 262 58 1 6 7 8 永定镇 19 8 15 2 2 6 1 1 斋堂镇 200 27 171 21 16 5 13 1 总计 1330 353 1222 260 7 33 51 53 50 7 
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表 2 暴雨前、后各类地质灾害统计表
Table 2 Statistics of various geological hazards before and after rainstorm
灾害类型 暴雨前潜在发育 暴雨后形成 触发比例/% 崩塌 1222 260 21.28 滑坡 7 33 471.43 泥石流 51 53 103.92 地面塌陷 50 7 14.00 合计 1330 353 26.54
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