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基于MPM-DEM耦合的弃渣场稳定性及灾害动力学分析

任禾, 王君豪, 徐文杰, 王恒威, 董晓阳, 孙文超, 冯明明, 吕飞

任禾,王君豪,徐文杰,等. 基于MPM-DEM耦合的弃渣场稳定性及灾害动力学分析[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,2025,36(0): 1-11. DOI: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202408011
引用本文: 任禾,王君豪,徐文杰,等. 基于MPM-DEM耦合的弃渣场稳定性及灾害动力学分析[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,2025,36(0): 1-11. DOI: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202408011
REN He,WANG Junhao,XU Wenjie,et al. Stability and Dynamic hazard Analysis of Dumpsites Based on MPM-DEM Coupling Algorithm[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2025,36(0): 1-11. DOI: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202408011
Citation: REN He,WANG Junhao,XU Wenjie,et al. Stability and Dynamic hazard Analysis of Dumpsites Based on MPM-DEM Coupling Algorithm[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2025,36(0): 1-11. DOI: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202408011

基于MPM-DEM耦合的弃渣场稳定性及灾害动力学分析

基金项目: 公路弃渣场失稳灾害评估及防治关键技术研究与运用示范(YCIC-YF-2022-09)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    任 禾(1982—),男,甘肃白银人,高级工程师。主要从事水环保、弃渣场稳定性等方面的研究。E-mail:184630368@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    徐文杰(1978—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事工程地质力学方面的科研与教学工作。E-mail:wenjiexu@tsinghua.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P642

Stability and Dynamic hazard Analysis of Dumpsites Based on MPM-DEM Coupling Algorithm

  • 摘要:

    随着山区高速公路建设的迅速推进,弃渣场地的稳定性及潜在失稳灾害评估日益受到重视。带有巨大能量的滑坡体可能会对沿程的结构物等造成冲击破坏,危害生命财产安全。充分利用物质点法(MPM)对连续介质大变形过程的模拟及离散元法(DEM)准确接触判断的优势,MPM-DEM 耦合算法可解决滑坡体与复杂地形和沿程结构物之间的相互作用问题。本文基于GPU并行高性能计算软件CoSim中的MPM-DEM耦合算法,实现了弃渣场边坡的稳定性及潜在失稳灾害动力学分析。首先以散粒体冲击结构物的算例验证了该算法的合理性和准确性,在此基础上,以云南某高速公路弃渣场为案例,计算了其稳定性系数,预测了其潜在失稳灾害的影响范围和危害程度。结果表明,该弃渣场边坡处于稳定状态,若发生失稳,会对下游高速公路桥桩产生巨大的冲击作用。数值模拟结果证明了该耦合算法在弃渣场边坡稳定性与失稳灾害动力学分析中具有强大的优势,可实现边坡“稳定性→大变形→流动→堆积”的全过程分析。

    Abstract:

    The rapid expansion of highway construction in mountainous areas has heightened the focus on the stability of dumpsites and the assessment of potential failure disasters. High-energy landslides can severely impact structures along the way, posing significant risks to life and property. Leveraging the material point method (MPM) for simulating large deformations in continuous media and the discrete element method (DEM) for precise contact detection, the MPM-DEM coupling algorithm can effectively models interactions between landslides and complex terrains or structures. This study employs the MPM-DEM coupling algorithm within the GPU-accelerated high-performance computing software CoSim to analyze the stability and dynamic hazard potential of dumpsite slopes. The validity and accuracy of the proposed algorithm were initially verified through a case study involving granular material impacting a structure. Subsequently, a highway dumpsite in Yunnan Province was selected as an example to evaluate the stability factor and the predict the potential failure’s impact range and severity. Results indicate that the dumpsite slope is currently stable; however, should instability occur, it would exert significant impact on downstream highway bridge piles. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the strong capabilities of the coupling algorithm in the stability and dynamic failure analysis of dumpsite slopes, which can simulate the entire process of "stability-large deformation-flow-accumulation" for slopes.

  • 近年来,中国建设开发了数十座软岩露天煤矿,在开采过程中采场及排土场均发生过一定规模的滑坡,对于采场底帮顺倾软岩边坡与顺倾软基底内排土场边坡滑坡灾害尤为严重。滑坡灾害直接影响剥采排工程的发展,造成人员伤害和设备损毁及地貌景观破坏,严重制约着露天矿的安全高效生产[1-2],边坡稳定性治理问题已成为边坡工程领域亟待解决的难题之一。

    目前国内外学者们应用不同理论对其展开大量有意义的研究,成果丰硕。王东等[3]综合运用极限平衡法及数值模拟法,分析了不同压帮高度下边坡稳定性变化规律,提出了逆倾软岩边坡变形的治理措施;刘子春等[4]以扎尼河露天矿为背景,通过分析扩帮、内排压角等治理措施的基础上,提出了一种条带式开采技术的边坡治理方案;陈毓等[5]采用ANSYS对黑山露天矿内排土场边坡稳定性和破坏机理进行了分析,揭示了内排土场滑坡模式为“坐落滑移式”滑动,运用削坡治理技术来保证内排土场稳定性;唐文亮等[6]系统分析了露天矿内排土场滑坡影响因素,提出了预留煤柱的滑坡治理方法;李伟[7]揭示了阴湾排土场边坡变形破坏机理并结合数值模拟法和极限平衡法,分析了内排不同压脚方案下边坡稳定性,提出了阴湾排土场滑坡治理措施;王刚等[8]基于有限元数值模拟法和极限平衡法,分析了边坡破坏机理并对边坡进行了稳定性计算,提出了削坡减载的治理措施。软岩露天煤矿采场边坡稳定性治理最经济有效的方式是内排追踪压帮,内排土场稳定是前提,但现有方法均是单一针对采场或排土场边坡稳定性分析和治理,未能同时兼顾采场与内排土场边坡的稳定性,对工程实际的指导性不强。

    本文以贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮为工程背景,在兼顾采场与内排土场边坡稳定性的基础上,提出了露天煤矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程,为深入研究顺倾软岩露天煤矿边坡稳定性治理方法提供新的参考。

    贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿设计生产能力为15 Mt/a,首采区南帮地层自上而下主要发育第四系、2煤组、2煤组与3煤组间夹石、3煤组、3煤组底板和盆地基底火山岩,含煤岩系主要以泥岩为主,全区可采的有2-1、3-1煤层,第四系以粉砂质黏土为主,局部夹黄-浅灰色细砂及含砾粗砂层,岩性较差,首采区土层赋存较薄,且其地层中多赋存软弱夹层,主要以3-1、3-4煤底板弱层主,属于典型的顺倾软岩边坡,岩土体物理力学指标如表1所示,典型工程地质剖面如图1所示。

    表  1  岩土体物理力学指标
    Table  1.  Physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass
    岩体名称内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/kPa容重/(kN·m−3弹性模量/MPa泊松比
    砂岩26.006519.6350.42
    粉质黏土14.062219.8460.38
    29.008512.1400.35
    泥岩20.004019.4750.36
    排弃物14.492019.0600.40
    弱层6.00019.1200.42
    回填岩石20.004019.0
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  1  典型工程地质剖面图
    Figure  1.  Typical geological cross-section profile of the sliding area

    影响顺倾软岩露天煤矿采场边坡稳定性的主控因素是弱层及其暴露长度,采用追踪压帮方式治理该类边坡稳定性时,可忽略软弱夹层为底界面的切层-顺层组合滑动模式[9-10],仅考虑剪胀破坏模式。由于贺斯格乌拉南露天矿边坡体内赋存软弱夹层,主要以3-1、3-4煤底板弱层为主,顺倾角度大,岩质松软,对于此类边坡,浅部可通过平盘参数进行重新设计,深部必须利用三维效应,实现稳定性控制。可采用刚体极限平衡法中的剩余推力法对浅层边坡进行稳定性计算[11-12]。该方法的优点是可以用来计算求解给定任意边坡潜在滑面的稳定系数,并且可以考虑在复杂外力作用下的不同抗剪参数滑动岩体对边坡稳定性的影响。稳定系数求解公式为:

    $$ {P_i} = \frac{{{W_i}\sin {\alpha _i}({W_i}\sin {\alpha _i}\tan {\varphi _i}) + {C_i}{L_i}}}{{{F_{\rm{s}}}}} + {\phi _i}{p_{i - 1}} $$ (1)
    $$ {\phi _i} = \frac{{\cos ({\alpha _{i - 1}} - {\alpha _i})\tan {\varphi _i}\sin ({\alpha _{i - 1}} - {\alpha _i})}}{{{F_{\rm{s}}}}} $$ (2)

    式中:${P_i}$——第$i$条块的剩余推力/kN;

    $ {W_i} $——第$i$条块的重量/(N·m−3);

    $\alpha_i$——第$i$条块的滑面倾角/(°);

    ${\varphi _i}$——第$i$条块的推力传递系数;

    ${C_i}$——第$i$条块的滑面黏聚力/kPa;

    ${L_i}$——第$i$条块的底面长度/m;

    ${\phi _i}$——第$i$条块的滑面摩擦角/(°);

    ${F_{\rm{s}}}$——稳定性系数。

    依据《煤炭工业露天矿设计规范》(GB 50197―2015)[13]综合考虑贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮边坡服务年限、地质条件与力学参数的可靠性、潜在滑坡危害程度等,确定安全储备系数为1.2。

    由于南帮压覆大量煤层,在保证安全前提下,为实现最大限度回采压覆的煤炭资源,需要对边坡形态重新设计。本文选取典型剖面为研究对象,浅层边坡形态按照40 m运输平盘、15 m保安平盘进行设计,深部利用横采内排三维支挡效应回采采场底帮深部压覆煤炭资源。通过上述情况对浅层边坡进行了分析,边坡稳定性计算结果如图2所示。

    图  2  浅层边二维坡稳定性计算结果
    Figure  2.  Calculation results of two-dimensional slope stability of the shallow side

    分析图2可知,浅部边坡形态可按照40 m运输平盘、15 m保安平盘进行设计,由于弱层上部存在煤岩支挡,边坡潜在滑坡模式为以圆弧为侧界面、3-1煤底板弱层为底界面、沿边坡坡脚处剪出,此时,浅层边坡能满足安全储备系数1.2的要求。

    基于浅层边坡二维稳定性分析结果可知,实现深部稳定性控制,必须借助横采工作帮与内排土场的双重支挡作用进行压煤回采,因此提出了利用横采内排三维支挡效应回采采场深部压覆煤炭资源[14]。本文借助FLAC3D数值模拟软件,分析不同降深角度和不同追踪距离条件下的边坡三维稳定性,以期获得最优的边坡空间形态参数。

    (1) 模型的建立

    考虑到FLAC3D建模较为复杂,采用CAD与Rhino相结合的方法,首先在CAD中对剖面进行整理,然后在Rhino软件中进行模型成体与网格划分的处理,并用Griddle将网格导出,生成精细的六面体网格模型[1517],最后导入采用于FLAC3D进行数值模拟计算。为尽可能凸显边坡稳定性的三维效应,以南帮断面形态设计边坡为数值模拟对象,共计建立15种工况模型,模型如图3,追踪距离分别为50,100,200,300,400 m。为避免边界效应,在模型的底部和两侧分别施加水平和垂直位移约束,加载方式为重力加载[18]

    图  3  三维数值模拟模型
    Figure  3.  Three-dimensional numerical simulation model

    (2) 计算结果分析

    由于计算结果过多,本文仅列举降深角度α=29°,追踪距离50,200,400 m工况下边坡位移云图(切割位置为沿模型走向中间处),如图4所示。南帮边坡三维稳定性计算结果如图5所示。

    图  4  数值模拟结果
    Figure  4.  Numerical simulation results at different tracking distance
    图  5  追踪距离与边坡稳定系数的关系曲线
    Figure  5.  Relationship curve between tracking distance and slope stability coefficient

    分析图4图5可知,追踪距离50 m时,三维支挡效应显著,边坡深部位移明显小于上部,发生以圆弧为侧界面、3-1煤底板弱层为底界面的切层-顺层-剪出滑动,稳定系数大于1.2。当追踪距离大于50 m时,通过对比分析不同深部边坡角(α)条件下的数值模拟结果可知,深部边坡角对边坡稳定性系数影响较小,随着追踪距离的增加,边坡的破坏模式过渡为以圆弧为侧界面、3-1煤底板弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动,并且此时边坡的稳定性不满足安全储备系数1.2要求。因此,内排土场追踪距离需控制在50 m以内,深部边坡角设计为29°。

    露天矿内排土场边坡稳定的主控因素是软弱基底,软弱基底分为自身软弱岩土层和受外界条影响转变为软弱岩土层2种类型。排土场下沉是软弱基底内排土场失稳的特征,主要现象是含有纵向强烈挤压区,基底上部岩层隆起,地面出现滑坡等[1921]。在保证采场南帮安全的前提下降深至3-1煤底板,须借助横采工作帮与内排土场的双重支挡作用,内排土场稳定是前提[22]。由于内排土场基底为3-1、3-4煤底板弱层,顺倾角度较大,按照内排土场设计参数,其稳定性无法满足安全储备系数的要求[23]。从提供基底强度角度出发,采用破坏弱层回填岩石的方式提高内排土场边坡稳定性。按照排土台阶高度24 m、平盘宽度60 m、坡面角33°对不同内排压帮标高边坡稳定性进行试算,确定内排最小压帮标高为+844水平,因此本文分析了内排基于+844水平的压帮高度下内排土场基底不同的处理方式时的边坡稳定性计算结果如图67所示,边坡稳定性与破坏弱层回填岩石范围关系曲线如图8所示。

    图  6  3-1煤层内排基底不同处理方式下边坡稳定性计算结果
    Figure  6.  Calculation results of slope stability under different treatment methods of inner row basement (3-1)

    分析图6图8可知,当内排基于+844的压帮高度,内排基底3-1底板弱层完全破坏并回填岩石,破坏3-4底板弱层并回填岩石倾向长度达60 m时,内排土场及其与采场南帮复合边坡稳定性均可满足安全系数1.2要求。边坡稳定性随破坏底板弱层回填岩石范围的增大呈正指数函数规律提高,随着回填岩石范围长度的不断增加,边坡稳定性系数不断提高。采用破坏弱层回填岩石的基底处理方法,既保证了边坡的稳定又规避了过渡处理基底的生产成本。

    图  7  3-4煤层内排基底不同处理方式下边坡稳定性计算结果
    Figure  7.  Calculation results of slope stability under different treatment methods of inner row basement (3-4)
    图  8  边坡稳定性与破坏弱层回填岩石范围关系曲线
    Figure  8.  Relationship curve between slope stability and the extent of backfill rocks in the weak layer

    (1) 弱层暴露长度是露天矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的主控因素,据此提出了露天矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程,可最大限度的安全回收边坡压覆煤炭资源。

    (2) 控制采场与内排土场间的追踪距离是改善边坡稳定性的有效途径。随着追踪距离的增加,边坡破坏模式从以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层-剪出滑动逐渐过渡为以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动。

    (3) 内排土场及其与采场构成的复合边坡稳定性随破坏底板弱层回填岩石范围的增大呈指数函数规律提高,随着回填岩石范围长度的不断增加,边坡稳定性系数不断提高。

    (4) 贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮浅部边坡留设40 m运输平盘、15 m保安平盘,底帮深部边坡角29°,追踪距离控制在50 m之内时可满足安全要求;内排基底弱层完全破坏并回填岩石倾向长度60 m时可满足安全需求。

  • 图  1   物质点法计算步骤:(a)物质点映射网格P2G;(b)网格结点更新;(c)网格映射物质点G2P;(d)物质点更新

    Figure  1.   Calculation procedure of the MPM: (a) particle to grid (P2G); (b) grid node update; (c) grid to particle (G2P); (d) material particle update

    图  2   基于MPM-DEM耦合算法的物质点与复杂边界相互作用示意图

    Figure  2.   Schematic diagram of interaction between material points and complex boundaries based on the MPM-DEM coupling algorithm

    图  3   球与三角面接触示意图

    Figure  3.   Schematic Diagram of contact between a sphere and a triangular surface

    图  4   散粒体冲击结构物模型示意图

    Figure  4.   schematic diagram of the granular material impact model on structure

    图  5   不同时刻颗粒流形态和速度分布

    Figure  5.   Particle flow morphology and velocity distribution at different time steps

    图  6   结构物冲击力演化曲线及其受力分布

    Figure  6.   Evolution curve and stress distribution of impact force on the structure

    图  7   弃渣工程场地实景全视图

    Figure  7.   Full-view real-scene image of the spoil disposal site

    图  8   弃渣场地工程地质特征:(a)工程地质平面图;(b)1-1’工程地质剖面图

    Figure  8.   Engineering geological characteristics of the dumpsite: (a) Engineering geological map; (b) Engineering geological cross-section of 1-1’

    图  9   弃渣场数值计算模型

    Figure  9.   Numerical calculation model of the dumpsite

    图  10   监测点 P1, P2, P3的位移随Rf的变化曲线

    Figure  10.   Displacement curves of monitoring points P1, P2, and P3 with respect to changes in Rf

    图  11   不同Rf对应的边坡等效塑性应变与位移结果

    Figure  11.   Equivalent plastic strain and displacement results of the slope under different Rf values

    图  12   滑坡体失稳滑动过程:(a)5 s;(b)15 s;(c)30 s;(d)60 s

    Figure  12.   Landslide Body Instability and sliding process: (a) 5 s; (b) 15 s; (c) 30 s; (d) 60 s

    图  13   桥桩冲击力演化曲线:(a)1号桩;(b)2号桩;(c)3号桩

    Figure  13.   Evolution curves of total impact force on bridge piles: (a) pile 1; (b) pile 2; (c) pile 3

    表  1   散粒体冲击结构物模拟材料参数

    Table  1   Material parameters for granular material impact simulation on structure

    DEM边界参数 MPM材料参数
    弹性模量/MPa 100 弹性模量/MPa 10
    泊松比 0.2 泊松比 0.2
    静摩擦角/(°) 30 内摩擦角/(°) 38
    动摩擦角/(°) 20 粘聚力/kPa 0
    回弹系数 0.1 密度/(kg·m−3 2000
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   弃渣场各地层岩土物理力学参数

    Table  2   Physical and mechanical parameters of geomaterials in different layers

    岩土体类型 杨氏模量
    /MPa
    泊松比 容重
    /(kN·m−3
    粘聚力
    /kPa
    内摩擦角
    /(°)
    渣土 200 0.2 19.5 6 26
    强风化泥岩 2000 0.2 22.0 50 40
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   弃渣场数值计算材料参数

    Table  3   Material parameters for numerical simulation of the dumpsite

    DEM边界参数 MPM材料参数
    弹性模量/MPa 2000 弹性模量/MPa 200
    泊松比 0.2 泊松比 0.2
    静摩擦角/(°) 30 内摩擦角/(°) 26
    动摩擦角/(°) 20 粘聚力/kPa 6
    法向粘聚力/kPa 50 密度/(kg·m−3 1950
    切向粘聚力/kPa 50
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2002-11-26
  • 修回日期:  2024-10-21
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