ISSN 1003-8035 CN 11-2852/P

    红河哈尼梯田老虎嘴滑坡-泥石流灾害链成灾特征及机制研究

    Disaster-Forming Characteristics and Mechanisms of the Laohuzui Landslide-Debris-Flow Disaster Chain in the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces

    • 摘要: 滑坡-泥石流灾害链突发性强、危害严重,形成机制更为复杂。云南梯田特殊地貌单元内所发生的滑坡-泥石流灾害受地形和人类活动影响,其触发机制与运动过程具有独特地域性与动态特征。伴随极端降雨气候的频发,红河哈尼梯田文化景观内滑坡-泥石流地质灾害屡有发生,对沿途梯田及植被造成了巨大破坏。本研究以老虎嘴梯田滑坡-泥石流灾害为例,利用现场调查、室内岩土实验、Massflow数值模拟等手段,对其发育特征、成灾模式及链成机制进行研究。研究发现:老虎嘴滑坡-泥石流灾害链存在清晰的链式成灾模式,可概括为“上游滑坡启动→中游梯田侵蚀转化→下游堆积淤埋”的三级演进过程。新老滑坡耦合失稳是灾害链的启动环节,新滑坡滑动激发老滑坡复活,形成级联失稳,为泥石流提供约31.3×104 m3的物源。持续强降雨是主要激发因子,通过入渗软化和冲刷侵蚀驱动灾害演进。梯田地貌在灾害链中发挥关键的放大作用,体现在水源补给、物源补给和横向扩散三个方面。梯田耕作区独特的“层级-界面-基底”三元地质结构控制着灾害链的发育,耕植土层与残坡积层接触面可能形成优势渗流通道,构成剪切弱化域。数值模拟显示,泥石流流经梯田时向两侧扩散(速度2~4 m·s−1),模拟精度达87.4%。与典型滑坡-泥石流灾害相比,本区灾害链的淤积范围更广、流通环节存在持续的物源与水源补给。研究成果可为红河哈尼梯田区同类型地质灾害的防治提供科学依据。

       

      Abstract: Landslide-debris-flow disaster chains are characterized by abrupt initiation, severe consequences, and complex formation mechanisms. In the distinctive terraced landforms of Yunnan, such disasters are strongly influenced by topography and human activities, and their triggering mechanisms and movement processes show clear regional and dynamic characteristics. With the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall, landslide-debris-flow geohazards have repeatedly occurred in the cultural landscape of the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, causing extensive damage to terraces and vegetation along their paths. Taking the Laohuzui terraced-field landslide-debris-flow event as a case, this study uses field investigation, geotechnical laboratory testing, and Massflow numerical simulation to analyze its development characteristics, disaster-forming pattern, and chain-generation mechanism. The results show that the Laohuzui event exhibits a clear chain-type disaster-forming pattern that can be summarized as a three-stage evolution process: upstream landslide initiation, midstream terrace erosion and transformation, and downstream deposition and burial. Coupled instability of the new and old landslides was the initiating link of the disaster chain. Movement of the new landslide reactivated the old landslide, producing cascading instability and supplying approximately 31.3×104 m3 of source material for the debris flow. Sustained heavy rainfall was the main triggering factor, driving the disaster evolution through infiltration-induced softening and scouring erosion. The terraced landform played a key amplifying role in the disaster chain through water supply, material supply, and lateral spreading. The unique layered-interface-basement geological structure of the terrace farming area controlled the development of the disaster chain; the contact between the cultivated soil layer and the residual-slope deposit may form a preferential seepage pathway and a shear-weakening zone. Numerical simulations show that the debris flow spread laterally when passing through the terraces, with velocities of 2-4 m/s, and the simulation accuracy reached 87.4%. Compared with typical landslide-debris-flow disasters, the disaster chain in this area had a wider burial range and received continuous material and water supply during the transport stage. These findings provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling similar geohazards in the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces.

       

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